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| The trunk is so versatile that it is the only organ in any animal that can flex, extend and bend without a bone and/or a fulcrum. Most terrestrial mammals respire by making negative pressure in the chest by moving diaphragm towards abdomen. In elephants special respiratory muscles are involved. Elephants do not have pleural cavity around the lungs. Haemoglobin of elephant is chemically related to haemoglobin of whales. Intra-abdominal testes, large body size, absence of pleural cavity, haemoglobin similarity with marine mammals and several others factors suggest an evolutionary background of aquatic origin. Trunk was more of a snorkel! Elephants ordinarily walk in a slow pace of 4 - 5 km in an hour, but can run incredibly fast for short distances. Elephant feeds on all three tiers of plant life, i.e., grass (lower), browse (middle) and branches (upper canopy). They even feed on bark of trees. Elephants sleep only for a few hours that too in the early hours of the day. Elephants cannot jump, but can hop, even when hobbled. They communicate using infrasonic sounds through thick jungle over several kilometres. Infrasonic sounds are produced by whales, and in nature, during thunder and earthquake. Infrasonic frequencies range from 5-24 Hz. Elephant calls are generally 2-10 seconds in duration with fundamental frequencies ranging from 5 Hz (in the infrasonic range) to 50 Hz (audible range). |
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